qbytearray.cpp

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// Copyright (C) 2022 The Qt Company Ltd.
// Copyright (C) 2016 Intel Corporation.
// Copyright (C) 2019 Klarälvdalens Datakonsult AB, a KDAB Group company, info@kdab.com, author Giuseppe D'Angelo <giuseppe.dangelo@kdab.com>
// SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-Qt-Commercial OR LGPL-3.0-only OR GPL-2.0-only OR GPL-3.0-only
 
#include "qbytearray.h"
#include "qbytearraymatcher.h"
#include "private/qtools_p.h"
#include "qhashfunctions.h"
#include "qlist.h"
#include "qlocale_p.h"
#include "qlocale_tools_p.h"
#include "private/qnumeric_p.h"
#include "private/qsimd_p.h"
#include "qstringalgorithms_p.h"
#include "qscopedpointer.h"
#include "qstringconverter_p.h"
#include <qdatastream.h>
#include <qmath.h>
#if defined(Q_OS_WASM)
#include "private/qstdweb_p.h"
#endif
 
#ifndef QT_NO_COMPRESS
#include <zconf.h>
#include <zlib.h>
#include <qxpfunctional.h>
#endif
#include <ctype.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
 
#include <algorithm>
 
#ifdef Q_OS_WIN
#  if !defined(QT_BOOTSTRAPPED) && (defined(QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII) || defined(QT_NO_CAST_FROM_BYTEARRAY))
// MSVC requires this, but let's apply it to MinGW compilers too, just in case
#    error "This file cannot be compiled with QT_NO_CAST_{TO,FROM}_ASCII, " \
           "otherwise some QByteArray functions will not get exported."
#  endif
#endif
 
QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
Q_CONSTINIT const char QByteArray::_empty = '\0';
 
// ASCII case system, used by QByteArray::to{Upper,Lower}() and qstr(n)icmp():
static constexpr inline uchar asciiUpper(uchar c)
{
    return c >= 'a' && c <= 'z' ? c & ~0x20 : c;
}
 
static constexpr inline uchar asciiLower(uchar c)
{
    return c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z' ? c | 0x20 : c;
}
 
/*****************************************************************************
  Safe and portable C string functions; extensions to standard string.h
 *****************************************************************************/
 
char *qstrdup(const char *src)
{
    if (!src)
        return nullptr;
    char *dst = new char[strlen(src) + 1];
    return qstrcpy(dst, src);
}
 
char *qstrcpy(char *dst, const char *src)
{
    if (!src)
        return nullptr;
#ifdef Q_CC_MSVC
    const size_t len = strlen(src);
    // This is actually not secure!!! It will be fixed
    // properly in a later release!
    if (len >= 0 && strcpy_s(dst, len+1, src) == 0)
        return dst;
    return nullptr;
#else
    return strcpy(dst, src);
#endif
}
 
char *qstrncpy(char *dst, const char *src, size_t len)
{
    if (dst && len > 0) {
        *dst = '\0';
        if (src)
            std::strncat(dst, src, len - 1);
    }
    return src ? dst : nullptr;
}
 
int qstrcmp(const char *str1, const char *str2)
{
    return (str1 && str2) ? strcmp(str1, str2)
        : (str1 ? 1 : (str2 ? -1 : 0));
}
 
int qstricmp(const char *str1, const char *str2)
{
    const uchar *s1 = reinterpret_cast<const uchar *>(str1);
    const uchar *s2 = reinterpret_cast<const uchar *>(str2);
    if (!s1)
        return s2 ? -1 : 0;
    if (!s2)
        return 1;
 
    enum { Incomplete = 256 };
    qptrdiff offset = 0;
    auto innerCompare = [=, &offset](qptrdiff max, bool unlimited) {
        max += offset;
        do {
            uchar c = s1[offset];
            if (int res = QtMiscUtils::caseCompareAscii(c, s2[offset]))
                return res;
            if (!c)
                return 0;
            ++offset;
        } while (unlimited || offset < max);
        return int(Incomplete);
    };
 
#if defined(__SSE4_1__) && !(defined(__SANITIZE_ADDRESS__) || __has_feature(address_sanitizer))
    enum { PageSize = 4096, PageMask = PageSize - 1 };
    const __m128i zero = _mm_setzero_si128();
    forever {
        // Calculate how many bytes we can load until we cross a page boundary
        // for either source. This isn't an exact calculation, just something
        // very quick.
        quintptr u1 = quintptr(s1 + offset);
        quintptr u2 = quintptr(s2 + offset);
        size_t n = PageSize - ((u1 | u2) & PageMask);
 
        qptrdiff maxoffset = offset + n;
        for ( ; offset + 16 <= maxoffset; offset += sizeof(__m128i)) {
            // load 16 bytes from either source
            __m128i a = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(s1 + offset));
            __m128i b = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(s2 + offset));
 
            // compare the two against each other
            __m128i cmp = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(a, b);
 
            // find NUL terminators too
            cmp = _mm_min_epu8(cmp, a);
            cmp = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(cmp, zero);
 
            // was there any difference or a NUL?
            uint mask = _mm_movemask_epi8(cmp);
            if (mask) {
                // yes, find out where
                uint start = qCountTrailingZeroBits(mask);
                uint end = sizeof(mask) * 8 - qCountLeadingZeroBits(mask);
                Q_ASSERT(end >= start);
                offset += start;
                n = end - start;
                break;
            }
        }
 
        // using SIMD could cause a page fault, so iterate byte by byte
        int res = innerCompare(n, false);
        if (res != Incomplete)
            return res;
    }
#endif
 
    return innerCompare(-1, true);
}
 
int qstrnicmp(const char *str1, const char *str2, size_t len)
{
    const uchar *s1 = reinterpret_cast<const uchar *>(str1);
    const uchar *s2 = reinterpret_cast<const uchar *>(str2);
    if (!s1 || !s2)
        return s1 ? 1 : (s2 ? -1 : 0);
    for (; len--; ++s1, ++s2) {
        const uchar c = *s1;
        if (int res = QtMiscUtils::caseCompareAscii(c, *s2))
            return res;
        if (!c)                                // strings are equal
            break;
    }
    return 0;
}
 
int qstrnicmp(const char *str1, qsizetype len1, const char *str2, qsizetype len2)
{
    Q_ASSERT(len1 >= 0);
    Q_ASSERT(len2 >= -1);
    const uchar *s1 = reinterpret_cast<const uchar *>(str1);
    const uchar *s2 = reinterpret_cast<const uchar *>(str2);
    if (!s1 || !len1) {
        if (len2 == 0)
            return 0;
        if (len2 == -1)
            return (!s2 || !*s2) ? 0 : -1;
        Q_ASSERT(s2);
        return -1;
    }
    if (!s2)
        return len1 == 0 ? 0 : 1;
 
    if (len2 == -1) {
        // null-terminated str2
        qsizetype i;
        for (i = 0; i < len1; ++i) {
            const uchar c = s2[i];
            if (!c)
                return 1;
 
            if (int res = QtMiscUtils::caseCompareAscii(s1[i], c))
                return res;
        }
        return s2[i] ? -1 : 0;
    } else {
        // not null-terminated
        const qsizetype len = qMin(len1, len2);
        for (qsizetype i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
            if (int res = QtMiscUtils::caseCompareAscii(s1[i], s2[i]))
                return res;
        }
        if (len1 == len2)
            return 0;
        return len1 < len2 ? -1 : 1;
    }
}
 
int QtPrivate::compareMemory(QByteArrayView lhs, QByteArrayView rhs)
{
    if (!lhs.isNull() && !rhs.isNull()) {
        int ret = memcmp(lhs.data(), rhs.data(), qMin(lhs.size(), rhs.size()));
        if (ret != 0)
            return ret;
    }
 
    // they matched qMin(l1, l2) bytes
    // so the longer one is lexically after the shorter one
    return lhs.size() == rhs.size() ? 0 : lhs.size() > rhs.size() ? 1 : -1;
}
 
bool QtPrivate::isValidUtf8(QByteArrayView s) noexcept
{
    return QUtf8::isValidUtf8(s).isValidUtf8;
}
 
// the CRC table below is created by the following piece of code
#if 0
static void createCRC16Table()                        // build CRC16 lookup table
{
    unsigned int i;
    unsigned int j;
    unsigned short crc_tbl[16];
    unsigned int v0, v1, v2, v3;
    for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
        v0 = i & 1;
        v1 = (i >> 1) & 1;
        v2 = (i >> 2) & 1;
        v3 = (i >> 3) & 1;
        j = 0;
#undef SET_BIT
#define SET_BIT(x, b, v) (x) |= (v) << (b)
        SET_BIT(j,  0, v0);
        SET_BIT(j,  7, v0);
        SET_BIT(j, 12, v0);
        SET_BIT(j,  1, v1);
        SET_BIT(j,  8, v1);
        SET_BIT(j, 13, v1);
        SET_BIT(j,  2, v2);
        SET_BIT(j,  9, v2);
        SET_BIT(j, 14, v2);
        SET_BIT(j,  3, v3);
        SET_BIT(j, 10, v3);
        SET_BIT(j, 15, v3);
        crc_tbl[i] = j;
    }
    printf("static const quint16 crc_tbl[16] = {\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < 16; i +=4)
        printf("    0x%04x, 0x%04x, 0x%04x, 0x%04x,\n", crc_tbl[i], crc_tbl[i+1], crc_tbl[i+2], crc_tbl[i+3]);
    printf("};\n");
}
#endif
 
static const quint16 crc_tbl[16] = {
    0x0000, 0x1081, 0x2102, 0x3183,
    0x4204, 0x5285, 0x6306, 0x7387,
    0x8408, 0x9489, 0xa50a, 0xb58b,
    0xc60c, 0xd68d, 0xe70e, 0xf78f
};
 
quint16 qChecksum(QByteArrayView data, Qt::ChecksumType standard)
{
    quint16 crc = 0x0000;
    switch (standard) {
    case Qt::ChecksumIso3309:
        crc = 0xffff;
        break;
    case Qt::ChecksumItuV41:
        crc = 0x6363;
        break;
    }
    uchar c;
    const uchar *p = reinterpret_cast<const uchar *>(data.data());
    qsizetype len = data.size();
    while (len--) {
        c = *p++;
        crc = ((crc >> 4) & 0x0fff) ^ crc_tbl[((crc ^ c) & 15)];
        c >>= 4;
        crc = ((crc >> 4) & 0x0fff) ^ crc_tbl[((crc ^ c) & 15)];
    }
    switch (standard) {
    case Qt::ChecksumIso3309:
        crc = ~crc;
        break;
    case Qt::ChecksumItuV41:
        break;
    }
    return crc & 0xffff;
}
 
#ifndef QT_NO_COMPRESS
using CompressSizeHint_t = quint32; // 32-bit BE, historically
 
enum class ZLibOp : bool { Compression, Decompression };
 
Q_DECL_COLD_FUNCTION
static const char *zlibOpAsString(ZLibOp op)
{
    switch (op) {
    case ZLibOp::Compression: return "qCompress";
    case ZLibOp::Decompression: return "qUncompress";
    }
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(nullptr);
}
 
Q_DECL_COLD_FUNCTION
static QByteArray zlibError(ZLibOp op, const char *what)
{
    qWarning("%s: %s", zlibOpAsString(op), what);
    return QByteArray();
}
 
Q_DECL_COLD_FUNCTION
static QByteArray dataIsNull(ZLibOp op)
{
    return zlibError(op, "Data is null");
}
 
Q_DECL_COLD_FUNCTION
static QByteArray lengthIsNegative(ZLibOp op)
{
    return zlibError(op, "Input length is negative");
}
 
Q_DECL_COLD_FUNCTION
static QByteArray tooMuchData(ZLibOp op)
{
    return zlibError(op, "Not enough memory");
}
 
Q_DECL_COLD_FUNCTION
static QByteArray invalidCompressedData()
{
    return zlibError(ZLibOp::Decompression, "Input data is corrupted");
}
 
Q_DECL_COLD_FUNCTION
static QByteArray unexpectedZlibError(ZLibOp op, int err, const char *msg)
{
    qWarning("%s unexpected zlib error: %s (%d)",
             zlibOpAsString(op),
             msg ? msg : "",
             err);
    return QByteArray();
}
 
static QByteArray xxflate(ZLibOp op, QArrayDataPointer<char> out, QByteArrayView input,
                          qxp::function_ref<int(z_stream *) const> init,
                          qxp::function_ref<int(z_stream *, size_t) const> processChunk,
                          qxp::function_ref<void(z_stream *) const> deinit)
{
    if (out.data() == nullptr) // allocation failed
        return tooMuchData(op);
    qsizetype capacity = out.allocatedCapacity();
 
    const auto initalSize = out.size;
 
    z_stream zs = {};
    zs.next_in = reinterpret_cast<uchar *>(const_cast<char *>(input.data())); // 1980s C API...
    if (const int err = init(&zs); err != Z_OK)
        return unexpectedZlibError(op, err, zs.msg);
    const auto sg = qScopeGuard([&] { deinit(&zs); });
 
    using ZlibChunkSize_t = decltype(zs.avail_in);
    static_assert(!std::is_signed_v<ZlibChunkSize_t>);
    static_assert(std::is_same_v<ZlibChunkSize_t, decltype(zs.avail_out)>);
    constexpr auto MaxChunkSize = std::numeric_limits<ZlibChunkSize_t>::max();
    [[maybe_unused]]
    constexpr auto MaxStatisticsSize = std::numeric_limits<decltype(zs.total_out)>::max();
 
    size_t inputLeft = size_t(input.size());
 
    int res;
    do {
        Q_ASSERT(out.freeSpaceAtBegin() == 0); // ensure prepend optimization stays out of the way
        Q_ASSERT(capacity == out.allocatedCapacity());
 
        if (zs.avail_out == 0) {
            Q_ASSERT(size_t(out.size) - initalSize > MaxStatisticsSize || // total_out overflow
                     size_t(out.size) - initalSize == zs.total_out);
            Q_ASSERT(out.size <= capacity);
 
            qsizetype avail_out = capacity - out.size;
            if (avail_out == 0) {
                out->reallocateAndGrow(QArrayData::GrowsAtEnd, 1); // grow to next natural capacity
                if (out.data() == nullptr) // reallocation failed
                    return tooMuchData(op);
                capacity = out.allocatedCapacity();
                avail_out = capacity - out.size;
            }
            zs.next_out = reinterpret_cast<uchar *>(out.data()) + out.size;
            zs.avail_out = size_t(avail_out) > size_t(MaxChunkSize) ? MaxChunkSize
                                                                    : ZlibChunkSize_t(avail_out);
            out.size += zs.avail_out;
 
            Q_ASSERT(zs.avail_out > 0);
        }
 
        if (zs.avail_in == 0) {
            // zs.next_in is kept up-to-date by processChunk(), so nothing to do
            zs.avail_in = inputLeft > MaxChunkSize ? MaxChunkSize : ZlibChunkSize_t(inputLeft);
            inputLeft -= zs.avail_in;
        }
 
        res = processChunk(&zs, inputLeft);
    } while (res == Z_OK);
 
    switch (res) {
    case Z_STREAM_END:
        out.size -= zs.avail_out;
        Q_ASSERT(size_t(out.size) - initalSize > MaxStatisticsSize || // total_out overflow
                 size_t(out.size) - initalSize == zs.total_out);
        Q_ASSERT(out.size <= out.allocatedCapacity());
        out.data()[out.size] = '\0';
        return QByteArray(std::move(out));
 
    case Z_MEM_ERROR:
        return tooMuchData(op);
 
    case Z_BUF_ERROR:
        Q_UNREACHABLE(); // cannot happen - we supply a buffer that can hold the result,
                         // or else error out early
 
    case Z_DATA_ERROR:   // can only happen on decompression
        Q_ASSERT(op == ZLibOp::Decompression);
        return invalidCompressedData();
 
    default:
        return unexpectedZlibError(op, res, zs.msg);
    }
}
 
QByteArray qCompress(const uchar* data, qsizetype nbytes, int compressionLevel)
{
    constexpr qsizetype HeaderSize = sizeof(CompressSizeHint_t);
    if (nbytes == 0) {
        return QByteArray(HeaderSize, '\0');
    }
    if (!data)
        return dataIsNull(ZLibOp::Compression);
 
    if (nbytes < 0)
        return lengthIsNegative(ZLibOp::Compression);
 
    if (compressionLevel < -1 || compressionLevel > 9)
        compressionLevel = -1;
 
    QArrayDataPointer out = [&] {
        constexpr qsizetype SingleAllocLimit = 256 * 1024; // the maximum size for which we use
                                                           // zlib's compressBound() to guarantee
                                                           // the output buffer size is sufficient
                                                           // to hold result
        qsizetype capacity = HeaderSize;
        if (nbytes < SingleAllocLimit) {
            // use maximum size
            capacity += compressBound(uLong(nbytes)); // cannot overflow (both times)!
            return QArrayDataPointer<char>(capacity);
        }
 
        // for larger buffers, assume it compresses optimally, and
        // grow geometrically from there:
        constexpr qsizetype MaxCompressionFactor = 1024; // max theoretical factor is 1032
                                                         // cf. http://www.zlib.org/zlib_tech.html,
                                                         // but use a nearby power-of-two (faster)
        capacity += std::max(qsizetype(compressBound(uLong(SingleAllocLimit))),
                             nbytes / MaxCompressionFactor);
        return QArrayDataPointer<char>(capacity, 0, QArrayData::Grow);
    }();
 
    if (out.data() == nullptr) // allocation failed
      return tooMuchData(ZLibOp::Compression);
 
    qToBigEndian(qt_saturate<CompressSizeHint_t>(nbytes), out.data());
    out.size = HeaderSize;
 
    return xxflate(ZLibOp::Compression, std::move(out), {data, nbytes},
                   [=] (z_stream *zs) { return deflateInit(zs, compressionLevel); },
                   [] (z_stream *zs, size_t inputLeft) {
                       return deflate(zs, inputLeft ? Z_NO_FLUSH : Z_FINISH);
                   },
                   [] (z_stream *zs) { deflateEnd(zs); });
}
#endif
 
#ifndef QT_NO_COMPRESS
QByteArray qUncompress(const uchar* data, qsizetype nbytes)
{
    if (!data)
        return dataIsNull(ZLibOp::Decompression);
 
    if (nbytes < 0)
        return lengthIsNegative(ZLibOp::Decompression);
 
    constexpr qsizetype HeaderSize = sizeof(CompressSizeHint_t);
    if (nbytes < HeaderSize)
        return invalidCompressedData();
 
    const auto expectedSize = qFromBigEndian<CompressSizeHint_t>(data);
    if (nbytes == HeaderSize) {
        if (expectedSize != 0)
            return invalidCompressedData();
        return QByteArray();
    }
 
    constexpr auto MaxDecompressedSize = size_t(QByteArray::max_size());
    if constexpr (MaxDecompressedSize < std::numeric_limits<CompressSizeHint_t>::max()) {
        if (expectedSize > MaxDecompressedSize)
            return tooMuchData(ZLibOp::Decompression);
    }
 
    // expectedSize may be truncated, so always use at least nbytes
    // (larger by at most 1%, according to zlib docs)
    qsizetype capacity = std::max(qsizetype(expectedSize), // cannot overflow!
                                  nbytes);
 
    QArrayDataPointer<char> d(capacity);
    return xxflate(ZLibOp::Decompression, std::move(d), {data + HeaderSize, nbytes - HeaderSize},
                   [] (z_stream *zs) { return inflateInit(zs); },
                   [] (z_stream *zs, size_t) { return inflate(zs, Z_NO_FLUSH); },
                   [] (z_stream *zs) { inflateEnd(zs); });
}
#endif
 
 
 
QByteArray::iterator QByteArray::erase(QByteArray::const_iterator first, QByteArray::const_iterator last)
{
    const auto start = std::distance(cbegin(), first);
    const auto len = std::distance(first, last);
    remove(start, len);
    return begin() + start;
}
 
QByteArray &QByteArray::operator=(const QByteArray & other) noexcept
{
    d = other.d;
    return *this;
}
 
 
QByteArray &QByteArray::operator=(const char *str)
{
    if (!str) {
        d.clear();
    } else if (!*str) {
        d = DataPointer::fromRawData(&_empty, 0);
    } else {
        assign(str);
    }
    return *this;
}
 
 
 
void QByteArray::truncate(qsizetype pos)
{
    if (pos < size())
        resize(pos);
}
 
void QByteArray::chop(qsizetype n)
{
    if (n > 0)
        resize(size() - n);
}
 
 
QByteArray::QByteArray(const char *data, qsizetype size)
{
    if (!data) {
        d = DataPointer();
    } else {
        if (size < 0)
            size = qstrlen(data);
        if (!size) {
            d = DataPointer::fromRawData(&_empty, 0);
        } else {
            d = DataPointer(size, size);
            Q_CHECK_PTR(d.data());
            memcpy(d.data(), data, size);
            d.data()[size] = '\0';
        }
    }
}
 
QByteArray::QByteArray(qsizetype size, char ch)
{
    if (size <= 0) {
        d = DataPointer::fromRawData(&_empty, 0);
    } else {
        d = DataPointer(size, size);
        Q_CHECK_PTR(d.data());
        memset(d.data(), ch, size);
        d.data()[size] = '\0';
    }
}
 
QByteArray::QByteArray(qsizetype size, Qt::Initialization)
{
    if (size <= 0) {
        d = DataPointer::fromRawData(&_empty, 0);
    } else {
        d = DataPointer(size, size);
        Q_CHECK_PTR(d.data());
        d.data()[size] = '\0';
    }
}
 
void QByteArray::resize(qsizetype size)
{
    if (size < 0)
        size = 0;
 
    const auto capacityAtEnd = capacity() - d.freeSpaceAtBegin();
    if (d->needsDetach() || size > capacityAtEnd)
        reallocData(size, QArrayData::Grow);
    d.size = size;
    if (d->allocatedCapacity())
        d.data()[size] = 0;
}
 
void QByteArray::resize(qsizetype newSize, char c)
{
    const auto old = d.size;
    resize(newSize);
    if (old < d.size)
        memset(d.data() + old, c, d.size - old);
}
 
void QByteArray::resizeForOverwrite(qsizetype size)
{
    resize(size);
}
 
QByteArray &QByteArray::fill(char ch, qsizetype size)
{
    resize(size < 0 ? this->size() : size);
    if (this->size())
        memset(d.data(), ch, this->size());
    return *this;
}
 
void QByteArray::reallocData(qsizetype alloc, QArrayData::AllocationOption option)
{
    if (!alloc) {
        d = DataPointer::fromRawData(&_empty, 0);
        return;
    }
 
    // don't use reallocate path when reducing capacity and there's free space
    // at the beginning: might shift data pointer outside of allocated space
    const bool cannotUseReallocate = d.freeSpaceAtBegin() > 0;
 
    if (d->needsDetach() || cannotUseReallocate) {
        DataPointer dd(alloc, qMin(alloc, d.size), option);
        Q_CHECK_PTR(dd.data());
        if (dd.size > 0)
            ::memcpy(dd.data(), d.data(), dd.size);
        dd.data()[dd.size] = 0;
        d = dd;
    } else {
        d->reallocate(alloc, option);
    }
}
 
void QByteArray::reallocGrowData(qsizetype n)
{
    if (!n)  // expected to always allocate
        n = 1;
 
    if (d->needsDetach()) {
        DataPointer dd(DataPointer::allocateGrow(d, n, QArrayData::GrowsAtEnd));
        Q_CHECK_PTR(dd.data());
        dd->copyAppend(d.data(), d.data() + d.size);
        dd.data()[dd.size] = 0;
        d = dd;
    } else {
        d->reallocate(d.constAllocatedCapacity() + n, QArrayData::Grow);
    }
}
 
void QByteArray::expand(qsizetype i)
{
    resize(qMax(i + 1, size()));
}
 
QByteArray &QByteArray::prepend(const QByteArray &ba)
{
    if (size() == 0 && ba.size() > d.constAllocatedCapacity() && ba.d.isMutable())
        return (*this = ba);
    return prepend(QByteArrayView(ba));
}
 
QByteArray &QByteArray::append(const QByteArray &ba)
{
    if (!ba.isNull()) {
        if (isNull()) {
            if (Q_UNLIKELY(!ba.d.isMutable()))
                assign(ba); // fromRawData, so we do a deep copy
            else
                operator=(ba);
        } else if (ba.size()) {
            append(QByteArrayView(ba));
        }
    }
    return *this;
}
 
QByteArray& QByteArray::append(char ch)
{
    d.detachAndGrow(QArrayData::GrowsAtEnd, 1, nullptr, nullptr);
    d->copyAppend(1, ch);
    d.data()[d.size] = '\0';
    return *this;
}
 
QByteArray &QByteArray::assign(QByteArrayView v)
{
    const auto len = v.size();
 
    if (len <= capacity() &&  isDetached()) {
        const auto offset = d.freeSpaceAtBegin();
        if (offset)
            d.setBegin(d.begin() - offset);
        std::memcpy(d.begin(), v.data(), len);
        d.size = len;
        d.data()[d.size] = '\0';
    } else {
        *this = v.toByteArray();
    }
    return *this;
}
 
 
 
QByteArray &QByteArray::insert(qsizetype i, QByteArrayView data)
{
    const char *str = data.data();
    qsizetype size = data.size();
    if (i < 0 || size <= 0)
        return *this;
 
    // handle this specially, as QArrayDataOps::insert() doesn't handle out of
    // bounds positions
    if (i >= d->size) {
        // In case when data points into the range or is == *this, we need to
        // defer a call to free() so that it comes after we copied the data from
        // the old memory:
        DataPointer detached{};  // construction is free
        d.detachAndGrow(Data::GrowsAtEnd, (i - d.size) + size, &str, &detached);
        Q_CHECK_PTR(d.data());
        d->copyAppend(i - d->size, ' ');
        d->copyAppend(str, str + size);
        d.data()[d.size] = '\0';
        return *this;
    }
 
    if (!d->needsDetach() && QtPrivate::q_points_into_range(str, d)) {
        QVarLengthArray a(str, str + size);
        return insert(i, a);
    }
 
    d->insert(i, str, size);
    d.data()[d.size] = '\0';
    return *this;
}
 
QByteArray &QByteArray::insert(qsizetype i, qsizetype count, char ch)
{
    if (i < 0 || count <= 0)
        return *this;
 
    if (i >= d->size) {
        // handle this specially, as QArrayDataOps::insert() doesn't handle out of bounds positions
        d.detachAndGrow(Data::GrowsAtEnd, (i - d.size) + count, nullptr, nullptr);
        Q_CHECK_PTR(d.data());
        d->copyAppend(i - d->size, ' ');
        d->copyAppend(count, ch);
        d.data()[d.size] = '\0';
        return *this;
    }
 
    d->insert(i, count, ch);
    d.data()[d.size] = '\0';
    return *this;
}
 
QByteArray &QByteArray::remove(qsizetype pos, qsizetype len)
{
    if (len <= 0  || pos < 0 || size_t(pos) >= size_t(size()))
        return *this;
    if (pos + len > d->size)
        len = d->size - pos;
 
    auto begin = d.begin();
    if (!d->isShared()) {
        d->erase(begin + pos, len);
        d.data()[d.size] = '\0';
    } else {
        QByteArray copy{size() - len, Qt::Uninitialized};
        const auto toRemove_start = d.begin() + pos;
        copy.d->copyRanges({{d.begin(), toRemove_start},
                           {toRemove_start + len, d.end()}});
        swap(copy);
    }
    return *this;
}
 
QByteArray &QByteArray::replace(qsizetype pos, qsizetype len, QByteArrayView after)
{
    if (QtPrivate::q_points_into_range(after.data(), d)) {
        QVarLengthArray copy(after.data(), after.data() + after.size());
        return replace(pos, len, QByteArrayView{copy});
    }
    if (len == after.size() && (pos + len <= size())) {
        // same size: in-place replacement possible
        if (len > 0) {
            detach();
            memcpy(d.data() + pos, after.data(), len*sizeof(char));
        }
        return *this;
    } else {
        // ### optimize me
        remove(pos, len);
        return insert(pos, after);
    }
}
 
QByteArray &QByteArray::replace(QByteArrayView before, QByteArrayView after)
{
    const char *b = before.data();
    qsizetype bsize = before.size();
    const char *a = after.data();
    qsizetype asize = after.size();
 
    if (isNull() || (b == a && bsize == asize))
        return *this;
 
    // protect against before or after being part of this
    if (QtPrivate::q_points_into_range(a, d)) {
        QVarLengthArray copy(a, a + asize);
        return replace(before, QByteArrayView{copy});
    }
    if (QtPrivate::q_points_into_range(b, d)) {
        QVarLengthArray copy(b, b + bsize);
        return replace(QByteArrayView{copy}, after);
    }
 
    QByteArrayMatcher matcher(b, bsize);
    qsizetype index = 0;
    qsizetype len = size();
    char *d = data(); // detaches
 
    if (bsize == asize) {
        if (bsize) {
            while ((index = matcher.indexIn(*this, index)) != -1) {
                memcpy(d + index, a, asize);
                index += bsize;
            }
        }
    } else if (asize < bsize) {
        size_t to = 0;
        size_t movestart = 0;
        size_t num = 0;
        while ((index = matcher.indexIn(*this, index)) != -1) {
            if (num) {
                qsizetype msize = index - movestart;
                if (msize > 0) {
                    memmove(d + to, d + movestart, msize);
                    to += msize;
                }
            } else {
                to = index;
            }
            if (asize) {
                memcpy(d + to, a, asize);
                to += asize;
            }
            index += bsize;
            movestart = index;
            num++;
        }
        if (num) {
            qsizetype msize = len - movestart;
            if (msize > 0)
                memmove(d + to, d + movestart, msize);
            resize(len - num*(bsize-asize));
        }
    } else {
        // the most complex case. We don't want to lose performance by doing repeated
        // copies and reallocs of the data.
        while (index != -1) {
            size_t indices[4096];
            size_t pos = 0;
            while(pos < 4095) {
                index = matcher.indexIn(*this, index);
                if (index == -1)
                    break;
                indices[pos++] = index;
                index += bsize;
                // avoid infinite loop
                if (!bsize)
                    index++;
            }
            if (!pos)
                break;
 
            // we have a table of replacement positions, use them for fast replacing
            qsizetype adjust = pos*(asize-bsize);
            // index has to be adjusted in case we get back into the loop above.
            if (index != -1)
                index += adjust;
            qsizetype newlen = len + adjust;
            qsizetype moveend = len;
            if (newlen > len) {
                resize(newlen);
                len = newlen;
            }
            d = this->d.data(); // data(), without the detach() check
 
            while(pos) {
                pos--;
                qsizetype movestart = indices[pos] + bsize;
                qsizetype insertstart = indices[pos] + pos*(asize-bsize);
                qsizetype moveto = insertstart + asize;
                memmove(d + moveto, d + movestart, (moveend - movestart));
                if (asize)
                    memcpy(d + insertstart, a, asize);
                moveend = movestart - bsize;
            }
        }
    }
    return *this;
}
 
QByteArray &QByteArray::replace(char before, char after)
{
    if (before != after) {
        if (const auto pos = indexOf(before); pos >= 0) {
            const auto detachedData = data();
            std::replace(detachedData + pos, detachedData + size(), before, after);
        }
    }
    return *this;
}
 
QList<QByteArray> QByteArray::split(char sep) const
{
    QList<QByteArray> list;
    qsizetype start = 0;
    qsizetype end;
    while ((end = indexOf(sep, start)) != -1) {
        list.append(mid(start, end - start));
        start = end + 1;
    }
    list.append(mid(start));
    return list;
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::repeated(qsizetype times) const
{
    if (isEmpty())
        return *this;
 
    if (times <= 1) {
        if (times == 1)
            return *this;
        return QByteArray();
    }
 
    const qsizetype resultSize = times * size();
 
    QByteArray result;
    result.reserve(resultSize);
    if (result.capacity() != resultSize)
        return QByteArray(); // not enough memory
 
    memcpy(result.d.data(), data(), size());
 
    qsizetype sizeSoFar = size();
    char *end = result.d.data() + sizeSoFar;
 
    const qsizetype halfResultSize = resultSize >> 1;
    while (sizeSoFar <= halfResultSize) {
        memcpy(end, result.d.data(), sizeSoFar);
        end += sizeSoFar;
        sizeSoFar <<= 1;
    }
    memcpy(end, result.d.data(), resultSize - sizeSoFar);
    result.d.data()[resultSize] = '\0';
    result.d.size = resultSize;
    return result;
}
 
static qsizetype lastIndexOfHelper(const char *haystack, qsizetype l, const char *needle,
                                   qsizetype ol, qsizetype from)
{
    auto delta = l - ol;
    if (from < 0)
        from = delta;
    if (from < 0 || from > l)
        return -1;
    if (from > delta)
        from = delta;
 
    const char *end = haystack;
    haystack += from;
    const qregisteruint ol_minus_1 = ol - 1;
    const char *n = needle + ol_minus_1;
    const char *h = haystack + ol_minus_1;
    qregisteruint hashNeedle = 0, hashHaystack = 0;
    qsizetype idx;
    for (idx = 0; idx < ol; ++idx) {
        hashNeedle = ((hashNeedle<<1) + *(n-idx));
        hashHaystack = ((hashHaystack<<1) + *(h-idx));
    }
    hashHaystack -= *haystack;
    while (haystack >= end) {
        hashHaystack += *haystack;
        if (hashHaystack == hashNeedle && memcmp(needle, haystack, ol) == 0)
            return haystack - end;
        --haystack;
        if (ol_minus_1 < sizeof(ol_minus_1) * CHAR_BIT)
            hashHaystack -= qregisteruint(*(haystack + ol)) << ol_minus_1;
        hashHaystack <<= 1;
    }
    return -1;
}
 
static inline qsizetype lastIndexOfCharHelper(QByteArrayView haystack, qsizetype from, char needle) noexcept
{
    if (haystack.size() == 0)
        return -1;
    if (from < 0)
        from += haystack.size();
    else if (from > haystack.size())
        from = haystack.size() - 1;
    if (from >= 0) {
        const char *b = haystack.data();
        const char *n = b + from + 1;
        while (n-- != b) {
            if (*n == needle)
                return n - b;
        }
    }
    return -1;
}
 
qsizetype QtPrivate::lastIndexOf(QByteArrayView haystack, qsizetype from, char needle) noexcept
{
    return lastIndexOfCharHelper(haystack, from, needle);
}
 
qsizetype QtPrivate::lastIndexOf(QByteArrayView haystack, qsizetype from, QByteArrayView needle) noexcept
{
    if (haystack.isEmpty()) {
        if (needle.isEmpty() && from == 0)
            return 0;
        return -1;
    }
    const auto ol = needle.size();
    if (ol == 1)
        return lastIndexOfCharHelper(haystack, from, needle.front());
 
    return lastIndexOfHelper(haystack.data(), haystack.size(), needle.data(), ol, from);
}
 
static inline qsizetype countCharHelper(QByteArrayView haystack, char needle) noexcept
{
    qsizetype num = 0;
    for (char ch : haystack) {
        if (ch == needle)
            ++num;
    }
    return num;
}
 
qsizetype QtPrivate::count(QByteArrayView haystack, QByteArrayView needle) noexcept
{
    if (needle.size() == 0)
        return haystack.size() + 1;
 
    if (needle.size() == 1)
        return countCharHelper(haystack, needle[0]);
 
    qsizetype num = 0;
    qsizetype i = -1;
    if (haystack.size() > 500 && needle.size() > 5) {
        QByteArrayMatcher matcher(needle);
        while ((i = matcher.indexIn(haystack, i + 1)) != -1)
            ++num;
    } else {
        while ((i = haystack.indexOf(needle, i + 1)) != -1)
            ++num;
    }
    return num;
}
 
qsizetype QByteArray::count(char ch) const
{
    return countCharHelper(*this, ch);
}
 
#if QT_DEPRECATED_SINCE(6, 4)
#endif
 
bool QtPrivate::startsWith(QByteArrayView haystack, QByteArrayView needle) noexcept
{
    if (haystack.size() < needle.size())
        return false;
    if (haystack.data() == needle.data() || needle.size() == 0)
        return true;
    return memcmp(haystack.data(), needle.data(), needle.size()) == 0;
}
 
bool QtPrivate::endsWith(QByteArrayView haystack, QByteArrayView needle) noexcept
{
    if (haystack.size() < needle.size())
        return false;
    if (haystack.end() == needle.end() || needle.size() == 0)
        return true;
    return memcmp(haystack.end() - needle.size(), needle.data(), needle.size()) == 0;
}
 
/*
    Returns true if \a c is an uppercase ASCII letter.
 */
static constexpr inline bool isUpperCaseAscii(char c)
{
    return c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z';
}
 
/*
    Returns true if \a c is an lowercase ASCII letter.
 */
static constexpr inline bool isLowerCaseAscii(char c)
{
    return c >= 'a' && c <= 'z';
}
 
bool QByteArray::isUpper() const
{
    return std::none_of(begin(), end(), isLowerCaseAscii);
}
 
bool QByteArray::isLower() const
{
    return std::none_of(begin(), end(), isUpperCaseAscii);
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::mid(qsizetype pos, qsizetype len) const &
{
    qsizetype p = pos;
    qsizetype l = len;
    using namespace QtPrivate;
    switch (QContainerImplHelper::mid(size(), &p, &l)) {
    case QContainerImplHelper::Null:
        return QByteArray();
    case QContainerImplHelper::Empty:
    {
        return QByteArray(DataPointer::fromRawData(&_empty, 0));
    }
    case QContainerImplHelper::Full:
        return *this;
    case QContainerImplHelper::Subset:
        return sliced(p, l);
    }
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(QByteArray());
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::mid(qsizetype pos, qsizetype len) &&
{
    qsizetype p = pos;
    qsizetype l = len;
    using namespace QtPrivate;
    switch (QContainerImplHelper::mid(size(), &p, &l)) {
    case QContainerImplHelper::Null:
        return QByteArray();
    case QContainerImplHelper::Empty:
        resize(0);      // keep capacity if we've reserve()d
        [[fallthrough]];
    case QContainerImplHelper::Full:
        return std::move(*this);
    case QContainerImplHelper::Subset:
        return std::move(*this).sliced(p, l);
    }
    Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(QByteArray());
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::sliced_helper(QByteArray &a, qsizetype pos, qsizetype n)
{
    if (n == 0)
        return fromRawData(&_empty, 0);
    DataPointer d = std::move(a.d).sliced(pos, n);
    d.data()[n] = 0;
    return QByteArray(std::move(d));
}
 
template <typename T>
static QByteArray toCase_template(T &input, uchar (*lookup)(uchar))
{
    // find the first bad character in input
    const char *orig_begin = input.constBegin();
    const char *firstBad = orig_begin;
    const char *e = input.constEnd();
    for ( ; firstBad != e ; ++firstBad) {
        uchar ch = uchar(*firstBad);
        uchar converted = lookup(ch);
        if (ch != converted)
            break;
    }
 
    if (firstBad == e)
        return std::move(input);
 
    // transform the rest
    QByteArray s = std::move(input);    // will copy if T is const QByteArray
    char *b = s.begin();            // will detach if necessary
    char *p = b + (firstBad - orig_begin);
    e = b + s.size();
    for ( ; p != e; ++p)
        *p = char(lookup(uchar(*p)));
    return s;
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::toLower_helper(const QByteArray &a)
{
    return toCase_template(a, asciiLower);
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::toLower_helper(QByteArray &a)
{
    return toCase_template(a, asciiLower);
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::toUpper_helper(const QByteArray &a)
{
    return toCase_template(a, asciiUpper);
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::toUpper_helper(QByteArray &a)
{
    return toCase_template(a, asciiUpper);
}
 
void QByteArray::clear()
{
    d.clear();
}
 
#if !defined(QT_NO_DATASTREAM)
 
QDataStream &operator<<(QDataStream &out, const QByteArray &ba)
{
    if (ba.isNull() && out.version() >= 6) {
        QDataStream::writeQSizeType(out, -1);
        return out;
    }
    return out.writeBytes(ba.constData(), ba.size());
}
 
QDataStream &operator>>(QDataStream &in, QByteArray &ba)
{
    ba.clear();
 
    qint64 size = QDataStream::readQSizeType(in);
    qsizetype len = size;
    if (size != len || size < -1) {
        ba.clear();
        in.setStatus(QDataStream::SizeLimitExceeded);
        return in;
    }
    if (len == -1) { // null byte-array
        ba = QByteArray();
        return in;
    }
 
    constexpr qsizetype Step = 1024 * 1024;
    qsizetype allocated = 0;
 
    do {
        qsizetype blockSize = qMin(Step, len - allocated);
        ba.resize(allocated + blockSize);
        if (in.readRawData(ba.data() + allocated, blockSize) != blockSize) {
            ba.clear();
            in.setStatus(QDataStream::ReadPastEnd);
            return in;
        }
        allocated += blockSize;
    } while (allocated < len);
 
    return in;
}
#endif // QT_NO_DATASTREAM
 
QByteArray QByteArray::simplified_helper(const QByteArray &a)
{
    return QStringAlgorithms<const QByteArray>::simplified_helper(a);
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::simplified_helper(QByteArray &a)
{
    return QStringAlgorithms<QByteArray>::simplified_helper(a);
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::trimmed_helper(const QByteArray &a)
{
    return QStringAlgorithms<const QByteArray>::trimmed_helper(a);
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::trimmed_helper(QByteArray &a)
{
    return QStringAlgorithms<QByteArray>::trimmed_helper(a);
}
 
QByteArrayView QtPrivate::trimmed(QByteArrayView view) noexcept
{
    const auto [start, stop] = QStringAlgorithms<QByteArrayView>::trimmed_helper_positions(view);
    return QByteArrayView(start, stop);
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::leftJustified(qsizetype width, char fill, bool truncate) const
{
    QByteArray result;
    qsizetype len = size();
    qsizetype padlen = width - len;
    if (padlen > 0) {
        result.resize(len+padlen);
        if (len)
            memcpy(result.d.data(), data(), len);
        memset(result.d.data()+len, fill, padlen);
    } else {
        if (truncate)
            result = left(width);
        else
            result = *this;
    }
    return result;
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::rightJustified(qsizetype width, char fill, bool truncate) const
{
    QByteArray result;
    qsizetype len = size();
    qsizetype padlen = width - len;
    if (padlen > 0) {
        result.resize(len+padlen);
        if (len)
            memcpy(result.d.data()+padlen, data(), len);
        memset(result.d.data(), fill, padlen);
    } else {
        if (truncate)
            result = left(width);
        else
            result = *this;
    }
    return result;
}
 
auto QtPrivate::toSignedInteger(QByteArrayView data, int base) -> ParsedNumber<qlonglong>
{
#if defined(QT_CHECK_RANGE)
    if (base != 0 && (base < 2 || base > 36)) {
        qWarning("QByteArray::toIntegral: Invalid base %d", base);
        base = 10;
    }
#endif
    if (data.isEmpty())
        return {};
 
    const QSimpleParsedNumber r = QLocaleData::bytearrayToLongLong(data, base);
    if (r.ok())
        return ParsedNumber(r.result);
    return {};
}
 
auto QtPrivate::toUnsignedInteger(QByteArrayView data, int base) -> ParsedNumber<qulonglong>
{
#if defined(QT_CHECK_RANGE)
    if (base != 0 && (base < 2 || base > 36)) {
        qWarning("QByteArray::toIntegral: Invalid base %d", base);
        base = 10;
    }
#endif
    if (data.isEmpty())
        return {};
 
    const QSimpleParsedNumber r = QLocaleData::bytearrayToUnsLongLong(data, base);
    if (r.ok())
        return ParsedNumber(r.result);
    return {};
}
 
qlonglong QByteArray::toLongLong(bool *ok, int base) const
{
    return QtPrivate::toIntegral<qlonglong>(qToByteArrayViewIgnoringNull(*this), ok, base);
}
 
qulonglong QByteArray::toULongLong(bool *ok, int base) const
{
    return QtPrivate::toIntegral<qulonglong>(qToByteArrayViewIgnoringNull(*this), ok, base);
}
 
int QByteArray::toInt(bool *ok, int base) const
{
    return QtPrivate::toIntegral<int>(qToByteArrayViewIgnoringNull(*this), ok, base);
}
 
uint QByteArray::toUInt(bool *ok, int base) const
{
    return QtPrivate::toIntegral<uint>(qToByteArrayViewIgnoringNull(*this), ok, base);
}
 
long QByteArray::toLong(bool *ok, int base) const
{
    return QtPrivate::toIntegral<long>(qToByteArrayViewIgnoringNull(*this), ok, base);
}
 
ulong QByteArray::toULong(bool *ok, int base) const
{
    return QtPrivate::toIntegral<ulong>(qToByteArrayViewIgnoringNull(*this), ok, base);
}
 
short QByteArray::toShort(bool *ok, int base) const
{
    return QtPrivate::toIntegral<short>(qToByteArrayViewIgnoringNull(*this), ok, base);
}
 
ushort QByteArray::toUShort(bool *ok, int base) const
{
    return QtPrivate::toIntegral<ushort>(qToByteArrayViewIgnoringNull(*this), ok, base);
}
 
double QByteArray::toDouble(bool *ok) const
{
    return QByteArrayView(*this).toDouble(ok);
}
 
auto QtPrivate::toDouble(QByteArrayView a) noexcept -> ParsedNumber<double>
{
    auto r = qt_asciiToDouble(a.data(), a.size(), WhitespacesAllowed);
    if (r.ok())
        return ParsedNumber{r.result};
    else
        return {};
}
 
float QByteArray::toFloat(bool *ok) const
{
    return QLocaleData::convertDoubleToFloat(toDouble(ok), ok);
}
 
auto QtPrivate::toFloat(QByteArrayView a) noexcept -> ParsedNumber<float>
{
    if (const auto r = toDouble(a)) {
        bool ok = true;
        const auto f = QLocaleData::convertDoubleToFloat(*r, &ok);
        if (ok)
            return ParsedNumber(f);
    }
    return {};
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::toBase64(Base64Options options) const
{
    constexpr char alphabet_base64[] = "ABCDEFGH" "IJKLMNOP" "QRSTUVWX" "YZabcdef"
                                       "ghijklmn" "opqrstuv" "wxyz0123" "456789+/";
    constexpr char alphabet_base64url[] = "ABCDEFGH" "IJKLMNOP" "QRSTUVWX" "YZabcdef"
                                          "ghijklmn" "opqrstuv" "wxyz0123" "456789-_";
    const char *const alphabet = options & Base64UrlEncoding ? alphabet_base64url : alphabet_base64;
    constexpr char padchar = '=';
    qsizetype padlen = 0;
 
    const qsizetype sz = size();
 
    QByteArray tmp((sz + 2) / 3 * 4, Qt::Uninitialized);
 
    qsizetype i = 0;
    char *out = tmp.data();
    while (i < sz) {
        // encode 3 bytes at a time
        int chunk = 0;
        chunk |= int(uchar(data()[i++])) << 16;
        if (i == sz) {
            padlen = 2;
        } else {
            chunk |= int(uchar(data()[i++])) << 8;
            if (i == sz)
                padlen = 1;
            else
                chunk |= int(uchar(data()[i++]));
        }
 
        int j = (chunk & 0x00fc0000) >> 18;
        int k = (chunk & 0x0003f000) >> 12;
        int l = (chunk & 0x00000fc0) >> 6;
        int m = (chunk & 0x0000003f);
        *out++ = alphabet[j];
        *out++ = alphabet[k];
 
        if (padlen > 1) {
            if ((options & OmitTrailingEquals) == 0)
                *out++ = padchar;
        } else {
            *out++ = alphabet[l];
        }
        if (padlen > 0) {
            if ((options & OmitTrailingEquals) == 0)
                *out++ = padchar;
        } else {
            *out++ = alphabet[m];
        }
    }
    Q_ASSERT((options & OmitTrailingEquals) || (out == tmp.size() + tmp.data()));
    if (options & OmitTrailingEquals)
        tmp.truncate(out - tmp.data());
    return tmp;
}
 
static char *qulltoa2(char *p, qulonglong n, int base)
{
#if defined(QT_CHECK_RANGE)
    if (base < 2 || base > 36) {
        qWarning("QByteArray::setNum: Invalid base %d", base);
        base = 10;
    }
#endif
    constexpr char b = 'a' - 10;
    do {
        const int c = n % base;
        n /= base;
        *--p = c + (c < 10 ? '0' : b);
    } while (n);
 
    return p;
}
 
QByteArray &QByteArray::setNum(qlonglong n, int base)
{
    constexpr int buffsize = 66; // big enough for MAX_ULLONG in base 2
    char buff[buffsize];
    char *p;
 
    if (n < 0) {
        // Take care to avoid overflow on negating min value:
        p = qulltoa2(buff + buffsize, qulonglong(-(1 + n)) + 1, base);
        *--p = '-';
    } else {
        p = qulltoa2(buff + buffsize, qulonglong(n), base);
    }
 
    clear();
    append(p, buffsize - (p - buff));
    return *this;
}
 
QByteArray &QByteArray::setNum(qulonglong n, int base)
{
    constexpr int buffsize = 66; // big enough for MAX_ULLONG in base 2
    char buff[buffsize];
    char *p = qulltoa2(buff + buffsize, n, base);
 
    clear();
    append(p, buffsize - (p - buff));
    return *this;
}
 
QByteArray &QByteArray::setNum(double n, char format, int precision)
{
    return *this = QByteArray::number(n, format, precision);
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::number(int n, int base)
{
    QByteArray s;
    s.setNum(n, base);
    return s;
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::number(uint n, int base)
{
    QByteArray s;
    s.setNum(n, base);
    return s;
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::number(long n, int base)
{
    QByteArray s;
    s.setNum(n, base);
    return s;
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::number(ulong n, int base)
{
    QByteArray s;
    s.setNum(n, base);
    return s;
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::number(qlonglong n, int base)
{
    QByteArray s;
    s.setNum(n, base);
    return s;
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::number(qulonglong n, int base)
{
    QByteArray s;
    s.setNum(n, base);
    return s;
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::number(double n, char format, int precision)
{
    QLocaleData::DoubleForm form = QLocaleData::DFDecimal;
 
    switch (QtMiscUtils::toAsciiLower(format)) {
        case 'f':
            form = QLocaleData::DFDecimal;
            break;
        case 'e':
            form = QLocaleData::DFExponent;
            break;
        case 'g':
            form = QLocaleData::DFSignificantDigits;
            break;
        default:
#if defined(QT_CHECK_RANGE)
            qWarning("QByteArray::setNum: Invalid format char '%c'", format);
#endif
            break;
    }
 
    return qdtoAscii(n, form, precision, isUpperCaseAscii(format));
}
 
QByteArray &QByteArray::setRawData(const char *data, qsizetype size)
{
    if (!data || !size)
        clear();
    else
        *this = fromRawData(data, size);
    return *this;
}
 
namespace {
struct fromBase64_helper_result {
    qsizetype decodedLength;
    QByteArray::Base64DecodingStatus status;
};
 
fromBase64_helper_result fromBase64_helper(const char *input, qsizetype inputSize,
                                           char *output /* may alias input */,
                                           QByteArray::Base64Options options)
{
    fromBase64_helper_result result{ 0, QByteArray::Base64DecodingStatus::Ok };
 
    unsigned int buf = 0;
    int nbits = 0;
 
    qsizetype offset = 0;
    for (qsizetype i = 0; i < inputSize; ++i) {
        int ch = input[i];
        int d;
 
        if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z') {
            d = ch - 'A';
        } else if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') {
            d = ch - 'a' + 26;
        } else if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9') {
            d = ch - '0' + 52;
        } else if (ch == '+' && (options & QByteArray::Base64UrlEncoding) == 0) {
            d = 62;
        } else if (ch == '-' && (options & QByteArray::Base64UrlEncoding) != 0) {
            d = 62;
        } else if (ch == '/' && (options & QByteArray::Base64UrlEncoding) == 0) {
            d = 63;
        } else if (ch == '_' && (options & QByteArray::Base64UrlEncoding) != 0) {
            d = 63;
        } else {
            if (options & QByteArray::AbortOnBase64DecodingErrors) {
                if (ch == '=') {
                    // can have 1 or 2 '=' signs, in both cases padding base64Size to
                    // a multiple of 4. Any other case is illegal.
                    if ((inputSize % 4) != 0) {
                        result.status = QByteArray::Base64DecodingStatus::IllegalInputLength;
                        return result;
                    } else if ((i == inputSize - 1) ||
                        (i == inputSize - 2 && input[++i] == '=')) {
                        d = -1; // ... and exit the loop, normally
                    } else {
                        result.status = QByteArray::Base64DecodingStatus::IllegalPadding;
                        return result;
                    }
                } else {
                    result.status = QByteArray::Base64DecodingStatus::IllegalCharacter;
                    return result;
                }
            } else {
                d = -1;
            }
        }
 
        if (d != -1) {
            buf = (buf << 6) | d;
            nbits += 6;
            if (nbits >= 8) {
                nbits -= 8;
                Q_ASSERT(offset < i);
                output[offset++] = buf >> nbits;
                buf &= (1 << nbits) - 1;
            }
        }
    }
 
    result.decodedLength = offset;
    return result;
}
} // anonymous namespace
 
QByteArray::FromBase64Result QByteArray::fromBase64Encoding(QByteArray &&base64, Base64Options options)
{
    // try to avoid a detach when calling data(), as it would over-allocate
    // (we need less space when decoding than the one required by the full copy)
    if (base64.isDetached()) {
        const auto base64result = fromBase64_helper(base64.data(),
                                                    base64.size(),
                                                    base64.data(), // in-place
                                                    options);
        base64.truncate(base64result.decodedLength);
        return { std::move(base64), base64result.status };
    }
 
    return fromBase64Encoding(base64, options);
}
 
 
QByteArray::FromBase64Result QByteArray::fromBase64Encoding(const QByteArray &base64, Base64Options options)
{
    const auto base64Size = base64.size();
    QByteArray result((base64Size * 3) / 4, Qt::Uninitialized);
    const auto base64result = fromBase64_helper(base64.data(),
                                                base64Size,
                                                const_cast<char *>(result.constData()),
                                                options);
    result.truncate(base64result.decodedLength);
    return { std::move(result), base64result.status };
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::fromBase64(const QByteArray &base64, Base64Options options)
{
    if (auto result = fromBase64Encoding(base64, options))
        return std::move(result.decoded);
    return QByteArray();
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::fromHex(const QByteArray &hexEncoded)
{
    QByteArray res((hexEncoded.size() + 1)/ 2, Qt::Uninitialized);
    uchar *result = (uchar *)res.data() + res.size();
 
    bool odd_digit = true;
    for (qsizetype i = hexEncoded.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
        uchar ch = uchar(hexEncoded.at(i));
        int tmp = QtMiscUtils::fromHex(ch);
        if (tmp == -1)
            continue;
        if (odd_digit) {
            --result;
            *result = tmp;
            odd_digit = false;
        } else {
            *result |= tmp << 4;
            odd_digit = true;
        }
    }
 
    res.remove(0, result - (const uchar *)res.constData());
    return res;
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::toHex(char separator) const
{
    if (isEmpty())
        return QByteArray();
 
    const qsizetype length = separator ? (size() * 3 - 1) : (size() * 2);
    QByteArray hex(length, Qt::Uninitialized);
    char *hexData = hex.data();
    const uchar *data = (const uchar *)this->data();
    for (qsizetype i = 0, o = 0; i < size(); ++i) {
        hexData[o++] = QtMiscUtils::toHexLower(data[i] >> 4);
        hexData[o++] = QtMiscUtils::toHexLower(data[i] & 0xf);
 
        if ((separator) && (o < length))
            hexData[o++] = separator;
    }
    return hex;
}
 
static void q_fromPercentEncoding(QByteArray *ba, char percent)
{
    if (ba->isEmpty())
        return;
 
    char *data = ba->data();
    const char *inputPtr = data;
 
    qsizetype i = 0;
    qsizetype len = ba->size();
    qsizetype outlen = 0;
    int a, b;
    char c;
    while (i < len) {
        c = inputPtr[i];
        if (c == percent && i + 2 < len) {
            a = inputPtr[++i];
            b = inputPtr[++i];
 
            if (a >= '0' && a <= '9') a -= '0';
            else if (a >= 'a' && a <= 'f') a = a - 'a' + 10;
            else if (a >= 'A' && a <= 'F') a = a - 'A' + 10;
 
            if (b >= '0' && b <= '9') b -= '0';
            else if (b >= 'a' && b <= 'f') b  = b - 'a' + 10;
            else if (b >= 'A' && b <= 'F') b  = b - 'A' + 10;
 
            *data++ = (char)((a << 4) | b);
        } else {
            *data++ = c;
        }
 
        ++i;
        ++outlen;
    }
 
    if (outlen != len)
        ba->truncate(outlen);
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::percentDecoded(char percent) const
{
    if (isEmpty())
        return *this; // Preserves isNull().
 
    QByteArray tmp = *this;
    q_fromPercentEncoding(&tmp, percent);
    return tmp;
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::fromPercentEncoding(const QByteArray &input, char percent)
{
    return input.percentDecoded(percent);
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::fromStdString(const std::string &s)
{
    return QByteArray(s.data(), qsizetype(s.size()));
}
 
std::string QByteArray::toStdString() const
{
    return std::string(data(), size_t(size()));
}
 
QByteArray QByteArray::toPercentEncoding(const QByteArray &exclude, const QByteArray &include,
                                         char percent) const
{
    if (isNull())
        return QByteArray();    // preserve null
    if (isEmpty())
        return QByteArray(data(), 0);
 
    const auto contains = [](const QByteArray &view, char c) {
        // As view.contains(c), but optimised to bypass a lot of overhead:
        return view.size() > 0 && memchr(view.data(), c, view.size()) != nullptr;
    };
 
    QByteArray result = *this;
    char *output = nullptr;
    qsizetype length = 0;
 
    for (unsigned char c : *this) {
        if (char(c) != percent
            && ((c >= 0x61 && c <= 0x7A) // ALPHA
                || (c >= 0x41 && c <= 0x5A) // ALPHA
                || (c >= 0x30 && c <= 0x39) // DIGIT
                || c == 0x2D // -
                || c == 0x2E // .
                || c == 0x5F // _
                || c == 0x7E // ~
                || contains(exclude, c))
            && !contains(include, c)) {
            if (output)
                output[length] = c;
            ++length;
        } else {
            if (!output) {
                // detach now
                result.resize(size() * 3); // worst case
                output = result.data();
            }
            output[length++] = percent;
            output[length++] = QtMiscUtils::toHexUpper((c & 0xf0) >> 4);
            output[length++] = QtMiscUtils::toHexUpper(c & 0xf);
        }
    }
    if (output)
        result.truncate(length);
 
    return result;
}
 
#if defined(Q_OS_WASM) || defined(Q_QDOC)
 
QByteArray QByteArray::fromEcmaUint8Array(emscripten::val uint8array)
{
    return qstdweb::Uint8Array(uint8array).copyToQByteArray();
}
 
emscripten::val QByteArray::toEcmaUint8Array()
{
    return qstdweb::Uint8Array::copyFrom(*this).val();
}
 
#endif
 
#if QT_DEPRECATED_SINCE(6, 8)
#endif // QT_DEPRECATED_SINCE(6, 8)
 
size_t qHash(const QByteArray::FromBase64Result &key, size_t seed) noexcept
{
    return qHashMulti(seed, key.decoded, static_cast<int>(key.decodingStatus));
}
 
QT_END_NAMESPACE